Farmed fish an efficient source of food
By Dean Trethewey, Times Colonist November 30, 2012
Re: "Farmed fish feed high on food chain," Nov. 27, and "Ocean more like a desert than answer to food woes," Nov. 28.
The two letter-writers perhaps don't appreciate the benefits of raising fish for food.
Putting aside the obvious health and conservation benefits of cultured fish, freshwater and marine fish are coldblooded, so unlike land animals, they don't require energy to heat their core. Also, water provides neutral buoyancy so they don't fight against gravity. Both of these key energy-saving facts mean fish are one of the most efficient converters of feed to edible meat at a ratio of about 1: 1. This is important as we search to find efficient ways to feed more than seven billion of us.
I agree with the writers that farmed fish must be fed a sustainable diet and encourage them to learn more about how B.C. fish farmers are leading the way in using sustainable ingredients.
The benefit of raising fish for human consumption is not a new revelation, as ocean conservationist Jacques Cousteau wisely stated decades ago: "We must plant the sea and herd its animals using the sea as farmers instead of hunters."
Dean Trethewey
Campbell River
Here are the letters Dean responded to and the Original article - Aquaculture is the big fish that got away - they responded to:
Farmed fish feed high on food chain
By Lloyd Erickson, Times Colonist November 27, 2012
A letter-writer suggests that the aquaculture industry can never produce the volume of food that land-based agriculture does because fish farms rely on food sources from further up the food chain.
Re: "Aquaculture is the big fish that got away," opinion, Nov 25.
The writer correctly states that "global demand for seafood is increasing." But so is the demand for automobiles.
Many advocates suggest that fish farms are the solution to feeding millions of starving people. Really? When the cost of farmed fish rivals the cost of beef?
There is one simple reason why aquaculture provides a minuscule percentage of the world's food supply: It just costs too much. The reason is basic: Seafood feeds too high up in the food chain. Big fish eat little fish, shellfish filter out zooplankton.
By comparison, cattle feed on grass, at the bottom of the food chain. One step.
Until aquaculture starts growing its own grass, it will never be able to compete with land-based systems. Furthermore, until aquaculture can supply its own grass, it will never be sustainable. This is not something you can blame on Ottawa or NIMBYs.
Lloyd Erickson
Nanaimo
Ocean more like a desert than answer to food woes
Harvey Willimams, Times Colonist November 28, 2012
Re: "Aquaculture is the big fish that got away," Nov 25.
Wild salmon roam the seas feeding on smaller fish. Farmed salmon are fed fish meal made from sardines, anchovies and other small fish. The production of one kilogram of farmed salmon requires three to five kilograms of fish meal. The over-harvesting of this important link in the marine food chain deprives sea birds and marine mammals of their major food source, contributing to their population decline.
It makes neither economic nor ecological sense to burn fuel and generate greenhouse gases catching food for farmed salmon when wild salmon can be harvested cheaply and sustainably on their return to their native streams to spawn.
Nor is salmon farming analogous to land-based agriculture, as suggested. Farm animals are herbivores feeding on plant material, salmon are carnivores requiring animal products.
Moreover, as human populations expand and global warming affects agriculture, human meat consumption must diminish.
The open sea is more like a vast desert than an untapped cornucopia of food to be farmed to support future human populations.
And the most productive areas of the sea are near shore, where the negative impact of human activity is greatest.
Salmon farming offers an economic opportunity for a few, but its long-term impact on the human food supply will always be negative.
Harvey Williams
Victoria
Aquaculture is the big fish that got away
Brian Lee Crowley, Calgary Herald, Friday, November 16, 2012
With more than two billion more people expected to be living on Earth by 2050, more food will be eaten in the next 50 years than in the whole rest of human history.
Feeding those hungry mouths will be made harder because the green revolution that super-charged our ability to produce food in the 1970s and 1980s is now running out of steam. We have realized most of the potential gains.
We can and will improve our ability to grow food on land, but really, doesn't it make far more sense for humanity to dine out on the huge productive capacity of the waters of the Earth? And given that Canada has something like nine per cent of all the freshwater on the planet, the longest coastline of any nation, and the necessary technology, expertise and capital in abundance, shouldn't we be leading this charge?
The answers are yes and yes respectively. Unfortunately, as is so often the case, Canada's potential far exceeds our grasp. And therein lies a (fish) tale.
But first, the sea as the solution to humanity's hunger. In 1973, Jacques Cousteau proclaimed we must farm the sea as we farm the land. The reasons are clear. A little simple math: food from the sea (both animals and plants) counts for a tiny 1.5 per cent of humanity's food supply. And yet water covers seven tenths of the Earth and, with a little coaxing from human effort and ingenuity, those waters can and should be producing far more.
The analogy with land-based farming is strong: if we depended solely on the unorganized bounty of nature to feed us, humanity would be a shrivelled shadow of its current self. The planet only supports so many billions of people because we have learned how to make land super-productive and are learning to do so with an ever-smaller ecological footprint.
The so-called blue revolution, taking food production into the waters of the globe, is already well advanced. In fact, it is argued that aquaculture is the fastest-growing food production system in the world at the moment. We stand astride the moment when aquaculture production is finally overtaking the wild fishery as the largest source of protein from the sea, just as in the distant past, animal husbandry eventually overtook hunting as the primary source of meat.
This has created a worldwide industry that is struggling mightily to satisfy a powerful human need. Global demand for seafood is increasing by almost 10 per cent a year. A fifth of humanity finds its main source of protein in fish, and those people are concentrated disproportionately in the developing world. By 2020, the UN's Food and Agriculture Organization foresees a shortfall of 50 million metric tonnes in our ability to supply the world's demand for food from the sea.
Not only are people hungry for fish and seafood, but this food is perhaps uniquely good for us, too. Michael Crawford of Britain's Institute of Brain Chemistry and Human Nutrition has even made the case that eating seafood, with its rich concentrations of things like Omega 3 fatty acids, at the right stage of the evolutionary process is what caused the human brain to evolve. We got smart because we ate fish.
Alas for Canada, aquaculture is the story of the big fish that got away. While other countries with advantages comparable to Canada's, places like Chile, Scotland, Norway and New Zealand, have seen their annual tonnage grow handsomely, our own aquaculture production has stagnated.
Oh, in the early years of the industry we grew at a rate similar to our competitors. Then we stalled for a decade while others powered past us. As a result, our share of world production has fallen by 40 per cent.
The explanation, incredible as it may seem, is that Ottawa still, after three decades of experience of the industry, cannot break itself of the mindset of the wild capture fishery. The stability, certainty and security that farmers enjoy through a secure tenure in their land, their crops and their livestock has allowed major investment in productive capacity. But as one aquaculturist said to me, trying to farm fish in Canada is like trying to operate a chicken farm under the rules of the Migratory Birds Act. Fish farmers have been punished, for instance, for harvesting their stock "out of season," a nonsensical notion when the animals only exist because they've been raised by people.
Add to that the NIMBYists who are offended by the sight of working farms in Canada's waters and fearmongers with tall tales of Frankenfish, and you have the perfect recipe for squandering a vital piece of Canada's ability to feed the world while creating year-round technologically sophisticated work in rural areas. Yet time and tide still wait for no man.
Brian Lee Crowley is the managing director of the Macdonald-Laurier Institute, an independent non-partisan public policy think-tank in Ottawa.
